ضمایر موصولی
A relative pronoun is a pronoun that introduces a relative clause. It is called a "relative" pronoun because it "relates" to the word that it modifies. Here is an example:
ضمایرموصولی ضمایری هستند که یک بندربطی راتولید می کنند.بدلیل اینکه به کلمه ای مرتبط می شود که آنرا تعریف می کندبه آن ضمیر موصولی می گویند.
In the above example, "who":relates to "person", which it modifies andintroduces the relative clause "who phoned me last night"
There are five relative pronouns: who, whom, whose, which, that*
پنج تا ضمیر موصولی وجوددارد:who, whom, whose, which, that
Who (subject) and whom (object) are generally only for people. Whose is for possession. Which is for things. That can be used for people** and things and as subject and object in defining relative clauses (clauses that are essential to the sentence and do not simply add extra information).
Relative pronouns can refer to singular or plural, and there is no difference between
Who(فاعل)وWhom(مفعول)عمولا درمورداشخاص بکار می روند.Whoseبرای مالکیت وWhichبرای اشیاءاست.Thatهم برای اشخاص واشیاء وفاعل ومفعول در تعریف بندهای ربطی به کار می رود.
Look at these examples showing defining and non-defining relative clauses:
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example sentences |
notes |
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defining |
S |
- The person who phoned me last night is my teacher. |
That is preferable |
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- The car which hit me was yellow. |
That is preferable |
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O |
- The person whom I phoned last night is my teacher. |
Whom is correct but very formal. The relative pronoun is optional. |
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- The car which I drive is old. |
That is preferable to which. The relative pronoun is optional. |
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P |
- The student whose phone just rang should stand up. |
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- The police are looking for the car whose driver was masked. |
Of which is usual for things, but whose is sometimes possible |
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non-defining |
S |
- Mrs Pratt, who is very kind, is my teacher. |
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- The car, which was a taxi, exploded. |
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O |
- Mrs Pratt, whom I like very much, is my teacher. |
Whom is correct but very formal. Who is normal. |
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- The car, which I was driving at the time, suddenly caught fire. |
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P |
- My brother, whose phone you just heard, is a doctor. |
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- The car, whose driver jumped out just before the accident, was completely destroyed. |
Of which is usual for things, but whose is sometimes possible |
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